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SHOP  INSTRUCTIONS 

FOR  THE  USE  OF 

THERMIT 

IN 

REPAIR  WORK 


GOLDSCHMIDT  THERMIT  COMPANY 

9  0  West  Street 
NEW  YORK 

432-436  Folsom  Street,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

February,  1908 


Copyright  1908 

GOLDSCHMIDT  THERMIT  COMPANY 


All  Applications  of  the  Thermit  Process 
are  Covered  by  Patents 


Index 


Additions  to  Thermit  .  11 

Appliances,  Prices  of . 31,  32 

Appliances  for  Welding  Electric  Motor  Cases .  25 

Appliances  for  Welding  Locomotive  Frames .  21 

Automatic  Crucibles  .  12 

Castings,  Repairing  Flaws  in . 26,  27 

Collar,  Shape  of .  7 

Connecting  Rods,  Welding .  20 

Crucibles,  Automatic  .  12 

Crucibles,  Plugging  .  12 

Crucibles,  Relining  . •  • .  29 

Crucibles,  Special  .  27 

Crucibles,  Prices  of . 31,  32 

Electric  Motor  Cases,  Welding .  22 

Fire  Brick  Molds .  13 

Flaws  in  Castings,  Repairing . 26,  27 

Forgings,  Repairing  Flaws  in . 26,  27 

General  Description  of  Process .  4 

Igniting  Thermit  .  9 

Large  Steel  Sections,  Repairing .  28 

Lining  Crucibles  . 29 

Locomotive  Frame  Welding..... .  5 

Materials  for  Welding  Electric  Motor  Cases .  25 

Materials  for  Welding  Locomotive  Frames .  21 

Materials,  Prices  of . 31,  32 

Mold,  Wax  Pattern .  6 

Mold,  Fire  Brick  .  13 

Motor  Cases,  Electric,  Welding . i .  22 

Plugging  Crucibles  .  12 

Preheating  .  9 

Prices,  Thermit  and  Appliances . 31,  32 

Quantity  of  Thermit  Required .  10 

Relining  Crucibles  .  29 

Shrinkage  Holes  in  Castings,  Repairing . 26,  27 

Surface  Flaws  in  Castings,  Repairing .  27 

Thermit  Additions  .  11 

Thermit,  Composition  .  3 

Thermit,  Price  of  .  31 

Thermit  Steel,  Analysis  of  .  3 

Tripods,  Prices  of .  32 

Wax  Pattern  Mold,  How  to  Prepare .  6 


THERMIT 


Composition 

00 

Thermit  is  a  mixture  of  finely  divided  aluminum  and 

a- 

iron  oxide.  When  ignited  in  one  spot,  the  combustion  so 

n 

started  continues  throughout  the  entire  mass  without 
supply  of  heat  or  power  from  outside  and  produces  super¬ 
heated  liquid  steel  and  superheated  liquid  slag  (aluminum 
oxide). 


Temperature  Produced  by  Reaction 

The  Thermit  reaction  produces  an  exceedingly  high 
temperature,  the  liquid  mass  attaining  5400°  Fahrenheit  in 
less  than  30  seconds. 

Quantity  Required  to  Produce  Liquid  Steel 

The  liquid  steel  produced  by  the  Thermit  reaction  repre¬ 
sents  one-half  of  the  original  Thermit  by  weight  and  one- 
fourth  by  volume. 


Average  Analysis  of  Thermit  Steel 


Carbon. . 

. 0.05 

to 

0.10 

Manganese  . 

. 0.08 

t( 

0.10 

Silicon  . 

. 0.09 

a 

0.20 

Sulphur  . 

. 0.03 

u 

0.04 

Phosphorus  . 

. 0.04 

“ 

0.05 

Aluminum  . 

. 0.07 

(t 

0.18 

3 


1 0 5001 


General  Description 

WELDING  by  the  Thermit  Process  is  accomplished 
by  pouring  superheated  Thermit  Steel  around 
the  parts  to  be  united.  Thermit  Steel,  being  approxi¬ 
mately  twice  as  hot  as  ordinary  molten  steel,  dissolves 
the  metal  with  which  it  comes  in  contact  and  amalgamates 
with  it  to  form  a  single  homogeneous  mass  when  cooled. 
It  is  necessary,  however,  in  all  cases,  to  preheat  the 
sections  before  pouring  Thermit  Steel  as,  otherwise,  they 
would  exert  a  chilling  effect  on  the  incoming  metal  and 
prevent  successful  fusion.  The  essential  steps  of  the 
operation,  therefore,  are  to  clean  the  sections  and  remove 
enough  metal  to  allow  for  a  free  flow  of  Thermit  Steel, 
surround  them  with  a  mold,  preheat  by  means  of  a  gas¬ 
olene  torch  and  then  pour  the  Thermit  Steel. 


4 


Welding 

Locomotive  Frames 


The  work  can  be  done  in  the  Division  Shops  and 
Round  Houses,  as  all  tools  are  part  of  the  equipment  of 
such  shops. 


List  of  Tools  Required 

1  Pneumatic  or  Ratchet  Drill. 

1  Heavy  Heating  Torch,  capable  of  heating  metal  at 
break  to  red  heat  with  mold  in  place. 

1  Small  Screw  Jack. 

2  Cold  Chisels. 

1  Hammer. 

1  Sack  of  Fire  Sand. 

1  Sack  of  Fire  Clay. 

1  Sack  of  Ground  Fire  Brick. 


5 


WELDING  LOCOMOTIVE  FRAMES 


Open  up 
Fracture. 


Clean  and 
Align  Frame. 


Jack  Frame 
Apart. 


Construction 
of  Sand  Mold. 


General  Directions 


After  having  removed  such  parts  of  the  engine  as  to 
make  the  fracture  accessible  and  allow  room  for  a  mold 
box  about  1  foot  wide,  a  series  of  holes  should  be  drilled 
along  the  line  of  the  break. 

If  the  frame  is  a  small  one,  ^-inch  holes  should  be 
drilled;  if  a  large  one,  1-inch  holes. 

Next  clean  the  frame  thoroughly  at  the  fracture,  as  it  is 
important  that  the  Thermit  Steel  should  come  in  contact 
with  clean  surfaces  only. 

The  frame  should  now  be  placed  in  perfect  alignment 
and  punch  marks  made  on  each  side  of  the  fracture  within 
convenient  reach  of  trammel  points,  yet  far  enough  apart 
to  be  outside  of  the  mold  box  so  that  there  may  be  no 
difficulty  in  regaining  true  alignment  at  the  end  of  the 
welding  operation. 

Jack  the  frame  open  about  T/s  inch,  to  allow  for  con¬ 
traction  when  the  metal  cast  around  the  frame  cools. 
The  amount  of  this  opening,  however,  must  often  be  left  to 
the  judgment  of  the  operator,  as  it  depends  on  the  width  of 
the  Thermit  Steel  collar. 

Wax  Pattern  Mold 

For  Vertical  Members  of  Frames 

(For  repairing  horizontal  members  see  page  13.) 

Where  the  fracture  occurs  in  a  vertical  member,  or  “leg” 
of  the  frame,  it  is  necessary  to  construct  a  sand  mold  of 
such  design  as  to  cause  the  Thermit  Steel  to  run  through 
a  gate  to  the  lowest  point  of  the  mold  and  rise  through, 
and  around,  the  parts  to  be  welded  and  into  a  large  riser. 
The  gate  should  not  allow  the  Thermit  Steel  to  impinge 
directly  upon  the  metal  of  the  frame  and  the  mold  must 
allow  for  a  band,  or  collar,  of  Thermit  Steel  to  be  cast 
around  the  defective  parts  or  the  ends  of  the  pieces  to  be 
welded.  The  Thermit  Steel  flowing  through  this  space  in 
the  mold  will  dissolve  the  metal  with  which  it  comes  in 
contact  and  amalgamate  with  it,  forming  a  reinforcement 


6 


WELDING  LOCOMOTIVE  FRAMES 


which  adds  to  the  strength  of  the  original  piece  and  must 
not  be  machined  off  entirely,  although  in  case  of  neces¬ 
sity,  it  may  be  removed  from  one  or  two  sides. 

The  shape  of  this  band,  or  collar,  must  resemble,  in  Shape  of  Re¬ 
cross  section,  approximately  the  segment  of  a  circle,  the  inforcement. 
thickest  part  being  directly  over  the  fracture  and  sloping 
off  gradually  towards  the  edges.  It  should  overlap  the 
edges  of  the  fracture  at  least  one  inch. 

The  thicker  the  metal  to  be  repaired,  the  thicker  must 
be  the  band  of  Thermit  Steel  and  the  dimensions  in  gen¬ 
eral  must  make  allowance  for  the  nature  of  the  repair. 


Fig.  1.  Fracture  on  locomotive  frame,  opened  up  by  drilling  and 
held  in  place  by  jacks,  in  preparation  for  Thermit  welding 


The  matrix  or  pattern  of  the  part  to  be  repaired  with 
the  reinforcing  band  around  it,  is  first  made,  and  from  this 
a  mold  is  constructed. 

The  best  material  for  making  molds  is  one  part  of  Material  for 
fire  sand,  one  part  good  fire-clay  and  one  part  ground  Mold  Making, 
fire  brick,  thoroughly  mixed  in  the  dry  state  and  moistened 
just  enough  to  pack  well. 


7 


WELDING  LOCOMOTIVE  FRAMES 


Making  Wax 
Pattern. 


Patterns  for 
Runner  and 
Riser. 


As  practically  no  two  repairs  are  alike,  the  time  and  cost 
of  making  wooden  patterns  is  considerable.  A  convenient 
way  to  make  the  molds  for  this  class  of  work,  therefore, 
is  to  use  YELLOW  WAX  as  a  matrix. 

The  parts  to  be  welded  are  prepared  for  welding  as 
previously  described,  and  a  wax  pattern  of  the  exact  form 
desired  in  the  final  weld  shaped  about  them,  care  being 
taken  to  fill  up  the  opening  between  frame  ends  with  wax. 
After  this  is  done,  molding  sand  is  tamped  around  the 
matrix  in  the  usual  manner,  except  that  a  small  hole  is  left 
at  the  very  lowest  part  of  the  mold  as  shown  in  Figure  2. 
It  is  advisable  to  bend  a  small  piece  of  copper  tubing 
through  the  wax  leading  from  the  small  hole  at  the  bottom 
into  the  riser.  This  will  make  a  passage  way  for  the  hot 
gases  from  the  torch  and  greatly  facilitate  melting  out 
the  wax. 


Fig.  2.  Sectional  view  of  mold 


The  patterns  for  runner  and  riser  are  best  made  of  wood. 
Their  volume  should  equal  the  volume  of  the  reinforce¬ 
ment  or  collar  which  is  cast  around  the  fracture,  as  the 
first  steel  running  out  of  the  crucible  into  the  mold  be¬ 
comes  chilled  when  coming  in  contact  with  the  metal  of 
the  frame  which — even  when  preheated — has  a  consider¬ 
ably  lower  temperature  than  the  Thermit  Steel.  The 
chilling  effect  can  only  be  overcome  by  a  sufficient  quan¬ 
tity  of  Thermit  Steel,  so  that  the  chilled  portion  is  driven 
up  into  the  riser  and  is  replaced  in  the  reinforcement  by 
metal  which  has  practically  the  full  temperature  it  re¬ 
ceived  during  the  reaction. 


8 


WELDING  LOCOMOTIVE  FRAMES 


When  the  mold  box  is  completely  filled,  the  wooden  Mold  Heated 
runner  and  riser  are  withdrawn  and  the  mold  is  then  Without  Re¬ 
ready  for  the  preheating  and  drying  operation,  which  moving  from 
is  performed  without  removing  the  mold  from  the  frame,  Frame, 
the  wax  running  out  during  the  preheating. 

Placing  Crucible,  Preheating  and  Pouring 

Place  crucible  in  position  with  bottom  directly  over 
pouring  gate  and  not  more  than  4  inches  away.  Charge 
crucible  in  accordance  with  directions  given  on  page  12 
but  do  not  put  in  ignition  powder. 

Now  direct  the  flame  of  a  powerful  gasolene-compressed  Heat  Frame 
air  torch  into  the  hole  at  the  bottom  of  the  mold  (see  Red  Hot. 
Figure  3)  and  continue  heating  until  the  frame  is  RED 
HOT.  It  is  important  that  the  frame  be  red  hot  at  the 
moment  of  pouring  the  Thermit  Steel  in  order  that  blow 
holes  and  shrinkage  cavities  in  the  weld  be  avoided. 

When  it  is  assured,  therefore,  Remove 
that  the  frame  is  at  a  good  red  Torch  and 
heat,  quickly  remove  the  torch  Ignite 
and  plug  up  the  preheating  hole  Thermit, 
with  a  dry  sand  core,  backing 
it  up  with  a  few  shovelfuls  of 
sand  packed  thoroughly.  Place 
14  teaspoonful  of  ignition  pow¬ 
der  on  top  of  the  Thermit  in  the 
crucible.  (Thermit  will  not  ig¬ 
nite  from  the  heat  of  the  torch 
and  the  reaction  cannot  be 
started  without  ignition  pow¬ 
der.)  Ignite  this  with  a  storm 
match,  applying  same  immedi¬ 
ately  after  striking.  When  the 
reaction  has  ceased,  the  Ther¬ 
mit  Steel  may  be  tapped  into 
the  mold  by  giving  the  tapping 
pin  a  sharp  knock  upwards  with 
the  tapping  spade. 

In  about  five  minutes  from  time  of  pour,  release  the  Counteract 
screw  jack  and  allow  the  frame  to  return  into  its  original  Shrinkage 
alignment  as  shown  by  the  punch  marks.  It  is  advisable,  Strains, 
however,  to  draw  up  on  the  weld  by  means  of  clamps, 


Fig.  3 


9 


WELDING  LOCOMOTIVE  FRAMES 


Weight  of 
Thermit  per 
Cubic  Inch  to 
Be  Filled. 


jacks  or  other  means,  in  order  to  relieve  this  section 
from  the  strains  incident  to  the  cooling  of  the  metal  in 
the  weld  and  adjacent  parts  of  the  frame. 

Do  not  disturb  molds  for  at  least  two  hours  after  pour. 

After  removal  of  mold,  drill  through  riser  and  knock  off 
gate  and  riser. 

Preventing  Unequal  Strains 

It  is  important  to  remember  that  if  the  weld  is  to  be 
made  on  one  member  of  a  double  barred  frame,  it  is  nec¬ 
essary  to  heat  the  other  member  with  a  torch  in  order  to 
get  equal  expansion  and  contraction  in  both  members  and 
prevent  unequal  strains. 


Fig.  4.  Finished  Thermit  weld  on  locomotive  frame.  Reinforcing 
collar  on  each  side  of  frame 


Quantity  of  Thermit  Required 

One  cubic  inch  of  steel  weighs  4 y2  ounces.  To  pro¬ 
duce  4^2  ounces  of  liquid  steel  requires  9  ounces  of 
Thermit.  Therefore,  to  calculate  the  amount  of  Thermit 
to  use  for  any  repair,  first  find  as  closely  as  po_ssible  the 
number  of  cubic  inches  in  the  reinforcement  to  be  cast 
about  the  defective  part.  Double  this  to  allow  for  metal 
in  runner  and  riser.  This  number  multiplied  by  nine 
gives  the  number  of  ounces  of  Thermit  to  use. 


10 


WELDING  LOCOMOTIVE  FRAMES 

A  simple  method  of  determining  the  amount  of  Thermit 
necessary,  when  wax  is  used  for  a  pattern  or  matrix,  is  to 
weigh  (in  pounds)  the  quantity  of  wax  on  hand,  before 
and  after  building  up  the  matrix.  The  difference  multi¬ 
plied  by  32  gives  the  weight  of  Thermit  required  in 
pounds. 

Thermit  Additions 

It  is  necessary,  when  more  than  10  lbs.  of  Thermit  are 
to  be  used,  to  mix  steel  punchings  or  particles  of  steel, 
free  from  grease,  into  the  Thermit  Powder.  The  in¬ 
tensity  of  the  heat  of  the  reaction  will  be  moderated 
thereby  without  interfering  with  the  efficiency  of  the 
weld.  In  all  cases  the  punchings  should  be  preheated 
before  mixing  with  the  Thermit.  For  10  lbs.  or  more  of 
Thermit,  a  proportion  of  10  per  cent,  of  punchings  should 


Fig.  5.  Automatic  crucible 


be  added.  For  quantities  of  over  50  lbs.  of  Thermit,  as 
much  as  15  per  cent,  of  small,  mild  steel  rivets  may  be 
mixed  in. 

An  addition  of  2  per  cent,  of  pure  metallic  manganese 
(based  on  weight  of  Thermit)  should  in  all  cases  be  added, 
as  this  materially  increases  the  strength  of  the  Thermit 
Steel.  Where  metallic  manganese  cannot  be  had,  how¬ 
ever,  ferro-manganese  may  be  used,  in  which  case  3  per 
cent,  of  the  20-80  alloy  is  recommended.  The  pure  man¬ 
ganese  is,  nevertheless,  preferred  to  the  ferro-manganese, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  where  large  quantities  of  Thermit 
are  used,  an  addition  of  the  latter  tends  to  increase  the 
violence  of  the  chemical  reaction. 


Weight  of 
Thermit  De¬ 
termined  from 
Wax. 


Mild  Steel 
Punchings 
Added  to 
Thermit. 


Addition  of 
Manganese 
Desirable. 


11 


WELDING  LOCOMOTIVE  FRAMES 


Construction 
of  Crucible. 


Replacing 

Thimbles. 


“Plugging 

Material.” 


Care  Should 
be  Taken  in 
Plugging 
Crucible. 


Automatic  Crucibles 

The  Thermit  reaction  takes  place  in  a  magnesia-lined 
crucible  (Figure  5),  which  has  at  the  bottom  a  hard 
burnt  magnesia  stone  (“e”).  This  latter,  again,  has  a 
tubular  opening,  into  which  a  small  magnesia  stone  or  so- 
called  “thimble”  (“f”)  of  conical  form  is  made  to  fit. 
This  thimble  provides  the  channel  through  which  the 
liquid  Thermit  Steel  is  poured.  The  outlet  must  not  be 
wider  than  y2  inch.  After  a  few  runs  have  been  made, 
the  thimble  should  be  replaced  with  a  new  one.  It  may 
be  removed  by  carefully  knocking  upwards  and  a  new 
thimble,  folded  around  with  a  layer  of  uncreased  paper,  in¬ 
serted  in  place. 

The  crucible  is  closed  before  charging  with  “plugging 
material”  consisting  of  a  tapping  pin,  asbestos  washer, 
metal  disk  and  refractory  sand,  made  up  in  small  paper 
packages  and  supplied  ready  for  use  by  the  Goldschmidt 
Thermit  Company. 

Plugging  the  Crucible 

First  the  tapping  pin  is 
suspended  by  its  scarfed  end, 
inside  the  “thimble.”  It 
must  be  cut  down  so  that 
the  end  will  project  not  more 
than  2  inches  below  the  bot¬ 
tom  of  the  crucible  in  order 
that  it  may  be  driven  up  when 
the  crucible  is  to  be  tapped. 
With  the  pin  cut  to  size  and 
in  place,  close  the  top  of  the 
thimble — first  with  asbestos 
washers  and  then  with  the 
metal  disk.  Ram  firmly  into 
place  with  the  handle  of  a 
hammer,  then  cover  with  re¬ 
fractory  sand.  This  is  done 
to  prevent  the  Thermit  Steel 
from  running  out  prematurely. 

The  crucible  is  tapped  by  knocking  the  tapping  pin  up¬ 
wards  as  previously  described. 


Fig.  6.  Sectional  view  of  crucible  with 
plugging  material  in  place 


12 


WELDING  LOCOMOTIVE  FRAMES 


Fire  Brick  Molds 

For  Horizontal  Members  of  Frames 

(For  repairing  vertical  members  of  frames  see  page  6.) 

Prepare  frame  for  welding  in  accordance  with  the  di-  Adjusting 
rections  given  on  page  6;  then  surround  it  with  a  fire  Mold, 
brick  mold  of  suitable  size  (determined  by  consulting 
tables  given  on  pages  16  and  17),  which  should  be  adjusted 
in  the  following  manner:  Spread  a  thin  layer  of  fire-clay  on 
the  contact  surfaces  of  the  right-hand  and  left-hand  bricks 
and  then  bolt  them  together.  Remove  whatever  clay 
may  have  squeezed  into  gate  and  riser,  and  place  bricks 
in  position  on  frame. 


Fig.  7.  Fire  brick  mold  for  welding  locomotive  frames 

Next,  coat  contact  surface  of  lower  brick  and  press  up  Lute 
against  bricks  already  in  position.  Now  lute  carefully  Carefully, 
all  around  frame,  squeezing  fire-clay  between  mold  and 
frame. 

Surround  mold  with  a  square  sheet  iron  or  wooden  box  Mold  Dur¬ 
and  pack  the  intervening  space  with  sand,  tamping  thor-  e  y 


13 


WELDING  LOCOMOTIVE  FRAMES 


oughly  as  an  additional  precaution  against  escape  of 
molten  steel.  In  general,  the  dimensions  of  this  box 
should  allow  for  four  inches  of  sand  on  all  sides  of  frame. 


Mold  partially  assembled 

Now  start  torch  in  riser  and  proceed  as  directed  on 
page  9. 

Weight  of  A  series  of  tables  will  be  found  on  pages  16  and  17 

Thermit  Re-  showing  the  weight  of  Thermit,  punchings  and  manganese 
quired.  required  for  welds  on  various  sized  frame  sections  when 

fire  brick  molds  are  used. 


14 


WELDING  LOCOMOTIVE  FRAMES 


Fig.  8.  Ready  for  pouring 

Crucible  and  sand  box  surrounding  fire  brick  mold  in  position 

Fire  Brick  Molds 

Are  Furnished  in  Four  Sizes 

No.  3  — For  frames  3  in.  wide  and  4  in.  deep. 

No.  4  — For  frames  4  in.  wide  and  6  in.  deep. 

No.  4 — For  frames  4^4  in.  wide  and  6  in.  deep. 

No.  5  — For  frames  5  in.  wide  and  6  in.  deep. 

Size  number  of  mold  indicates  width  of  frame  in  inches. 

For  intermediate  widths  use  next  smaller  number  of 
mold  and  cut  to  fit,  taking  care  to  maintain  original  collar 
dimensions  in  all  three  bricks. 

For  intermediate  depths  cut  off  at  bottom  of  right  and 
left-hand  bricks  to  fit. 

Tables  of  Dimensions  and  Quantities  of  Thermit. 

The  following  tables  give  the  sizes  of  fire  brick  molds 
to  be  used  for  various  sized  frames,  also  the  amount  of 
Thermit  and  boiler  punchings  (or  rivets)  required  for  the 
weld. 

These  quantities,  however,  are  calculated  solely  for  our 
fire  brick  molds  and  do  not  apply  to  molds  of  other  di- 


Changing 
Mold  to  Fit 
Frames. 


Quantities  do 
not  apply  to 
other  Molds. 


15 


WELDING  LOCOMOTIVE  FRAMES 


mensions.  When  sand  molds  are  used,  the  quantity  of 
Thermit  should  be  calculated  in  accordance  with  direc¬ 
tions  given  on  page  10. 

No.  3  Fire  Brick  Molds 

Size  of  frame  designed  for  =  3  inches  wide  and  4  inches 
deep. 

Welding  portion  =  50  lbs.  Thermit  and  7  lbs.  rivets  or 
boiler  punchings. 

By  cutting  down  they  will  fit  the  following  frames: 


Width  of 
Frame. 

Depth  of 
Frame. 

Weight  of 
Thermit 
required  for 
Weld. 

Weight  of  Rivets 
(or  Boiler 
Punchings)to  be 
mixed  with 
Thermit. 

Metallic 

Manganese. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

3 

2 

40 

7 

0.8 

3 

2'A 

45 

7 

0.9 

3 

3 

50 

7 

1.0 

3 

3  % 

50 

7 

1.0 

No.  4  Fire  Brick  Molds 

Size  of  frame  designed  for  =  4  inches  wide  and  6  inches 
deep. 

Welding  portion  =  70  lbs.  Thermit  and  10  lbs.  rivets  or 
boiler  punchings. 

By  cutting  down  they  will  fit  the  following  frames: 


Width  of 
Frame. 

Depth  of 
Frame. 

Weight  of 
Thermit 
required  for 
Weld. 

Weight  of  Rivets 
(or  Boiler 
Punchings)  to  be 
mixed  with 
Thermit. 

Metallic 

Manganese. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

4 

4 

65 

9 

1.3 

4 

4^ 

65 

9 

1.3 

4 

5 

65 

9 

1.3 

4 

5^ 

70 

10 

1.4 

16 


WELDING  LOCOMOTIVE  FRAMES 


No.  Fire  Brick  Molds 

Size  of  frame  designed  for  =  4 Yz  inches  wide  and  6  inches 
deep. 

Welding  portion  =  75  lbs.  Thermit  and  11  lbs.  rivets  or 
boiler  punchings. 

By  cutting  down  they  will  fit  the  following  frames: 


Width  of 
Frame. 

Depth  of 
Frame. 

Weight  of 
Thermit 
required  for 
Weld. 

Weight  of  Rivets 
(or  Boiler 
Punchings)  to  be 
mixed  with 
Thermit. 

Metallic 

Manganese. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

4  ^ 

4J4 

65 

9 

1.3 

4^ 

5 

70 

10 

1.4 

4^ 

5^ 

70 

10 

1.4 

No.  5  Fire  Brick  Molds 

Size  of  frame  designed  for  =  5  inches  wide  and  6  inches 
deep. 

Welding  portion  =  80  lbs.  Thermit  and  12  lbs.  rivets  or 
boiler  punchings. 

By  cutting  down  they  will  fit  the  following  frames: 


Width  of 
Frame. 

Depth  of 
Frame. 

Weight  of 
Thermit 
required  for 
Weld. 

Weight  of  Rivets 
(or  Boiler 
Punchings)to  be 
mixed  with 
Thermit. 

Metallic 

Manganese. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

5 

5 

75 

11 

1.5 

5 

5lA 

80 

12 

1.6 

17 


WELDING  LOCOMOTIVE  DRIVERS 


Preparing  for 
Weld. 


Heating  Ad¬ 
jacent  Spokes, 


Repairing  Locomotive 
Drivers 


In  making  repairs  on  spokes  of  locomotive  drivers,  es¬ 
sentially  the  same  method  of  procedure  should  be  fol¬ 
lowed  as  given  for  repairing  locomotive  frames  by  the 
wax  pattern  method. 

It  is  first  necessary,  of  course,  to  remove  the  tire,  after 
which  the  fracture  is  cleaned  and  metal  cut  away  in  ac¬ 
cordance  with  previous  directions.  A  pattern  of  yellow 
wax  is  then  constructed  as  described  on  page  6.  This 
pattern  may  usually  be  made  about  4  inches  long  and  % 
inch  thick  at  the  middle  ordinate,  the  cross  section 
showing,  approximately,  the  segment  of  a  circle. 

The  method  of  heating  and  pouring  would  be  the  same 


Fig.  9.  Broken  spoke  in  locomotive  wheel,  welded  by 
Thermit  process.  Section  of  broken  spoke 
was  removed  before  weld  was  made 


as  given  for  locomotive  frame  welds,  with  the  exception 
that  in  this  case  it  is  necessary  to  heat  adjacent  spokes  in 
order  to  eliminate  unequal  strains  due  to  expansion  and 
contraction. 


18 


WELDING  LOCOMOTIVE  DRIVERS 


After  pouring  it  is  advisable  to  keep  the  mold  on  for  Anneal 
several  hours  in  order  that  the  weld  may  cool  slowly  Thoroughly, 
and  become  thoroughly  annealed. 

It  is  sometimes  possible,  where  a  section  of  spoke  is  procedure  if 
broken  out  completely,  to  cast  in  a  piece  of  Thermit  steel  piece  Is  En- 
to  replace  that  broken  out.  This  should  not  be  done,  tirely  Broken 
however,  where  the  section  is  over  6  inches  in  length,  Out. 
owing  to  the  increased  strains  which  would  be  caused  by 
the  contraction  of  a  piece  of  metal  of  that  length. 

It  would  be  better  in  such  a  case  to  insert  a  section  of 
steel  of  the  proper  length  and  weld  it  at  each  end  to  the 
parts  remaining  of  the  original  spoke,  allowing  one  weld 
to  cool  before  making  the  other  one. 


19 


WELDING  CONNECTING  RODS 


Reheat  Rod 

after 

Welding. 


Importance 

Preheating. 


Repairing  Connecting 
Rods 


In  repairing  broken  connecting  rods  the  method  of  pro¬ 
cedure  would  be  the  same  as  given  for  repairing  loco¬ 
motive  frames  by  the  wax  pattern  method.  Owing  to 
the  fact,  however,  that  it  is  usually  necessary  to  machine 
off  the  Thermit  Steel  Collar,  it  is  advisable,  as  soon  as 
the  Thermit  Steel  has  set,  to  reheat  the  rod  to  a  dull  red 
and  allow  it  to  cool  slowly  in  order  to  eliminate  any 
shrinkage  strains  that  may  have  been  set  up.  This  heat 


Fig.  10.  Welded  connecting  rod 

treatment  should  be  extended  to  a  distance  of  at  least 
two  feet  on  either  side  of  the  weld  and  to  the  entire  rod 
if  possible. 

In  making  repairs  of  this  nature  it  should  be  borne  in 
mind  that  efficient  preheating  is  one  of  the  most  essential 
points  and  that  the  parts  to  be  welded  should  be  at  a 
bright  red  heat  when  the  Thermit  Steel  is  poured. 


20 


THERMIT  AND  APPLIANCES 


Prices  of  Appliances 

Complete  Appliances  for  Making  Locomotive  Repairs 

(All  prices  net  F.  O.  B.  New  York  or  Jersey  City) 

Fire  Brick  Molds  are  furnished  at  the  uniform  price  of 
$5.00  per  set  of  three  pieces. 


1  Automatic  Crucible,  size  6  (capacity  75  lbs.) ...  .$16.50 
(With  careful  handling  will  stand  25  reactions.) 

1  Tripod  (optional)  .  5.50 

Thermit  (50  or  100  lbs.  drums),  per  lb . 25 

Ignition  Powder,  per  lb . .90 

(1  lb.  Powder  to  100  lbs.  Thermit.) 

Metallic  Manganese,  per  lb . 75 

Ferro-Manganese,  per  lb . 10 

Tapping  Spade  . 50 

Plugging  Material,  package . 10 

Thimbles,  each  . 10 

Magnesia  Tar  for  Relining  Crucible  (135  lbs.),  per  lb.  .03 

Magnesia  Stones  . 15 

Yellow  Wax,  per  lb . 35 


For  a  successful  application  of  the  Thermit  Process  it  is 
necessary  to  use  crucibles  lined  with  magnesia  tar  which 
this  company  supplies  at  cost  price. 

Instructions  for  relining  will  be  found  on  page  29. 

Each  crucible  requires  135  lbs.  of  magnesia  tar  and  one 
magnesia  stone. 

For  shipping  weights  see  pages  31  and  32. 


21 


WELDING  ELECTRIC  MOTOR  CASES 


Clamp 

Broken  Part 
in  Position. 


Repairing  Electric 
Motor  Cases 


Fig.  11 

The  first  step  in  the  operation  is  to  clamp  the  parts  to 
be  welded  in  position.  (If  the  metal  is  very  thick  at  the 
fracture,  a  space  of  from  *4  to  24  inch  should  be  cut 
out  before  clamping.)  In  case  the  part  to  be  welded  is  a 
lug,  it  is  a  very  simple  matter  to  clamp  this  in  position, 
by  simply  bolting  it  to  an  angle  bar  which  has  previously 
been  bent  to  the  proper  size,  as  shown  in  Figure  11.  A 
collar  of  yellow  wax  is  then  formed  about  the  fracture. 
This  should  be  about  2  to  3  inches  wide  and  about  24  inch 
thick  directly  over  the  break.  A  sheet  iron  mold  box  is 
next  placed  in  position,  allowing  for  a  clearance  of  about 
3  inches  on  either  side  of  the  collar.  Wooden  patterns 


22 


WELDING  ELECTRIC  MOTOR  CASES 

are  constructed  to  allow  for  a  narrow  gate  and  large  riser,  Make  Wax 
as  shown  in  Figure  13  and  provision  should  be  made  for  Pattern  and 
leaving  a  small  hole  at  the  bottom  of  the  mold,  so  that  Pack  with 
when  the  wax  is  heated  it  can  run  out.  Molding  sand  Sand, 
should  then  be  packed  around  the  pattern  and  a  good 
mixture  for  this  has  been  found  to  be  40  per  cent,  of  fire¬ 
clay  and  60  per  cent,  of  clean,  sharp  sand,  which  should 
be  mixed  dry  and  moistened  just  enough  to  tamp  well. 

The  mold  should  then  be  thoroughly  vented  and  the  pat¬ 
terns  for  gate  and  riser  withdrawn. 


Fig.  12 


The  flame  of  a  strong  blow  torch  is  next  directed  into  Heat  Section 
the  hole  at  the  bottom  and  the  heating  continued  until  all  to  Red  Heat, 
the  wax  has  run  out  and  the  parts  to  be  welded  have  been 
brought  to  a  bright  red  heat.  The  torch  should  then  be 
withdrawn  and  the  hole  plugged  up  with  a  dry  sand  core 
and  backed  with  several  shovelfuls  of  sand  to  prevent 
leakage. 

While  the  heating  is  in  progress,  the  crucible  contain-  Plug 
ing  the  necessary  quantity  of  Thermit  (calculated  by  Crucible, 
multiplying  the  number  of  pounds  of  wax  used  in  build¬ 
ing  up  the  collar  by  32)  placed  in  position  over  the  pour¬ 
ing  gate,  so  that  the  interval  between  withdrawing  the 
torch  and  pouring  the  Thermit  Steel  may  be  as  short  as 
possible.  It  will  be  seen  that  when  the  wax  is  melted  out, 


23 


WELDING  ELECTRIC  MOTOR  CASES 


Weld 

Stronger 

Original 

Section. 


Fig.  13 


Fig.  14 

the  space  thus  vacated  will  be  filled  with  Thermit  Steel 
than  from  the  crucible,  which,  being  superheated,  is  sufficient 
to  thoroughly  fuse  with  the  parts  to  be  welded  and  pro¬ 
duce  a  weld  which  can  easily  be  made  stronger  than  the 


24 


WELDING  ELECTRIC  MOTOR  CASES 


original  section,  owing  to  the  thickness  of  the  collar  or 
reinforcement  which  is  left  after  the  operation. 

Figure  12  shows  the  mold  box,  torch  and  crucible  in 
position,  preliminary  to  pouring  the  Thermit  Steel;  Figure 
13  shows  the  metal  left  in  mold,  gate  and  riser  after 
removing  mold  box,  while  Figure  14  shows  the  finished 
weld. 


Complete  Appliances  for  Repairing 
Motor  Cases 

(All  prices  are  net  F.  O.  B.  New  York  or  Jersey  City.) 

1  Automatic  Crucible,  size  5  (capacity  45  lbs.) ....  $11.00 


(With  careful  handling  will  stand  25  reactions.) 

1  Tripod  (optional)  .  5.50 

Thermit  (50  or  100  lbs.  drums),  per  lb . 25 

Metallic  Manganese,  per  lb . .75 

Ferro-Manganese,  per  lb . 10 

Yellow  Wax,  per  lb . 35 

Ignition  Powder,  per  lb . 90 

(1  lb.  Powder  to  100  lbs.  Thermit.) 

Tapping  Spade  . 50 

Plugging  Material,  each . 10 

Thimbles,  each  . 10 

Magnesia  Tar  for  Relining  Crucible  (85  lbs.),  per  lb.  .03 

Magnesia  Stones  . 15 

For  shipping  weights  see  pages  31  and  32. 


For  a  successful  application  of  the  Thermit  Process  it  is 
necessary  to  use  crucibles  lined  with  magnesia  tar,  which 
this  company  supplies  at  cost  price. 

Instructions  for  relining  will  be  found  on  page  29. 

Each  crucible  requires  85  lbs.  of  magnesia  tar  and  one 
magnesia  stone. 


25 


WELDING  STEEL  CASTINGS 


Chip  out 
Flaw  and 
Preheat. 


Weight  of 

Thermit 

Required. 


Method  Used 
Only  when 
Flaw  Does 
Not  Affect 
Strength  of 
Casting. 


Repairing  Flaws  in  Castings 

Pouring  Cup  Method 

(To  be  employed  when  flaw  is  small,  and  does  not  affect 
the  strength  of  the  piece.) 

In  cases  where  the  flaw  is  fairly  circular  in  shape,  does 
not  exceed  some  3  inches  in  area  and  has  no  effect  on 
the  strength  of  the  casting,  the  pouring  cup  method  may 
be  employed  in  making  the  repair  by  the  Thermit  process. 
In  such  cases  the  flaw  should  be  chipped  out  in  order  to 
make  sure  of  its  extent.  The  casting  should  then  be 
heated  to  a  red  heat  at  the  defect.  A  “pouring  cup” 
made  of  dry  sand  or  fire  brick  piping  is  then  placed  over 
the  flaw,  allowing  an  overlap  of  about  half  an  inch  all 
around.  A  thin  asbestos  washer  should  next  be  placed 
over  the  flaw  and  the  correct  quantity  of  Thermit  placed 
in  the  pouring  cup.  This  quantity  is  determined  by  al¬ 
lowing  18  ounces  to  the  cubic  inch  of  space  to  be  filled. 
A  pinch  of  ignition  powder  is  then  put  on  top  of  the 
Thermit  and  ignited  with  a  storm  match  or  a  small 
bundle  of  parlor  matches.  This  in  turn  will  ignite  the 
Thermit,  causing  the  reaction  to  take  place  on  top  of  the 
casting  and  obviating  the  need  of  crucibles  or  ladles. 

A  certain  amount  of  judg¬ 
ment  should  be  used,  how¬ 
ever,  in  calculating  the  quan¬ 
tity  of  Thermit,  as  the  casting 
acts  as  a  chill  to  the  Thermit 
Steel.  As  a  general  rule  a 
flaw  in  a  heavy  casting  re¬ 
quires  more  Thermit  than  one  in  a  light  casting. 

The  Pouring  Cup  Method  is  the  only  case  where  Ther¬ 
mit  may  be  ignited  while  in  direct  contact  with  the 
metal  and  should  never  be  employed  when  the  flaw  might 
have  an  effect  on  the  strength  of  the  piece,  as  there  is  a 
possibility  of  minute  particles  of  slag  being  deposited  be¬ 
tween  the  Thermit  Steel  and  the  surface  of  the  metal, 
thus  preventing  a  perfect  union  of  the  two.  The  process 
is  very  convenient  for  repairing  small  surface  flaws,  but 
care  should  be  taken  to  use  enough  Thermit  to  leave  a 


26 


WELDING  STEEL  CASTINGS 


button  of  Thermit  Steel  at  least  Yi  inch  thick  over  the  Button 
surface  of  the  casting.  This  may  afterwards  be  ground  Ground 
down  with  an  emery  wheel,  but  should  not  be  chipped  Down, 
off  with  a  chipping  hammer. 


Shrinkage  Holes  and  Surface  Flaws  in  Castings 
and  Forgings 

(Cases  where  the  flaw  might  affect  the  strength  of  the 
piece.) 

These  repairs  usually  require  from  2  to  10  pounds  of 
Thermit  and  should  be  made  in  the  following  manner: 

Place  an  open  mold  around  the  part  to  be  filled,  allow-  open  Mold 
ing  an  overlap  of  *4  inch  all  around  the  defect.  Clean  Constructed 
the  flaw  thoroughly  by  means  of  a  compressed  air  blast,  an(j  Flaw 
steam  jet,  or  other  means,  and  heat  to  a  red  heat  by  Preheated, 
means  of  a  strong  blow  torch.  Weigh  out  Thermit  at 
the  rate  of  18  ounces  to  the  cubic  inch  of  space  to  be 
filled,  but  under  no  circumstances  use  less  than  two 
pounds  for  the  operation. 


Fig.  15. 


Flat  bottomed  crucible  (so-called  “special  crucible”) 


Place  a  small  amount  of  Thermit  in  a  special  crucible 
(for  price  list  and  sizes  of  special  crucibles  see  page  32), 
which  should  be  in  readiness  with  tongs  already  adjusted. 
Ignite  with  a  pinch  of  ignition  powder,  which  may  be 
lighted  in  turn  by  applying  a  storm  match,  as  previously 


Ignite 
Thermit  in 
Special 
Crucible. 


27 


Pour  Off 
Slag,  Then 
Direct  Steel 
Into  Mold. 


Keep 

Combustion 
Going  After 
Pour. 


This  Work 
Will  Be 
Done  by 
Contract  if 
Desired. 


WELDING  STEEL  CASTINGS 

described.  As  soon  as  the  Thermit  begins  to  burn,  add 

remainder  of  Thermit 
from  scoops,  feeding  it 
fast  enough  to  keep 
combustion  going. 
When  reaction  is  com¬ 
pleted,  quickly  pick  up 
the  crucible,  pour  slag 
(which  represents  three- 
quarters  of  the  total 
liquid)  into  dry  sand.  The  steel  should  then  be  poured 
into  the  open  mold.  Sprinkle  loose  Thermit  on  top  of 
steel  to  feed  it,  as  every  casting,  even  when  preheated, 
acts  as  a  chill  on  the  Thermit  Steel  and  it  is  therefore 
necessary  to  prolong  the  Thermit  reaction  in  order  to 
obtain  good  results. 

Repairs  on  Larger  Sections 

The  Thermit  Process  is  extensively  used  in  making  re¬ 
pairs  on  large  steel  sections,  such  as  stern  posts  and  rud¬ 
der  stocks  of  steamships,  gear  wheels  and  other  large 
machinery  castings.  In  general,  the  method  of  making 
these  repairs  is  essentially  the  same  as  that  given  for  re¬ 
pairing  locomotive  frames  by  the  wax  pattern  method. 
It  is  usually  advisable,  however,  to  make  such  repairs 
under  the  supervision  of  an  experienced  .engineer  and 
the  Goldschmidt  Thermit  Company  is  in  a  position  to 
either  do  the  work  by  contract  or  furnish  expert  super¬ 
vision  until  such  time  as  the  customer  may  be  able  to 
carry  on  the  work  without  assistance. 

Careful  attention  will  be  paid  to  all  requests  for  in¬ 
formation  and  directions.  Correspondence  with  firms 
having  work  of  the  above  nature  is  solicited. 


28 


R  E  L  I  N  I  N  G 


CRUCIBLES 


Crucible  Lining 

The  crucible  and  the  thimble  through  which  the  metal 
runs  after  the  reaction  are  two  of  the  most  important 
factors  in  the  whole  process.  The  high  temperature,  to¬ 
gether  with  the  violent  ebullition  of  the  molten  metal 
during  the  reaction,  necessitates  a  lining  that  is  not  only 
mechanically  strong,  but  of  a  very  high  refractory  sub¬ 
stance.  It  has  been  found  that  magnesia  lined  crucibles 
are  the  only  ones  which  satisfy  these  conditions. 

Preparation  of  Material  for,  and  Lining  of,  Crucibles 

In  order  to  protect  and  hold  the  mass  together,  a  sheet- 
iron  shell,  conical  in  shape,  is  provided,  having  at  its  bot¬ 
tom  an  iron  plate  with  a  hole  in  it  through  which  the 
liquid  Thermit  Steel  will  pass. 

A  magnesia  stone,  described  on  page  12,  is  placed  in 
the  bottom  of  shell  and  centered  over  the  hole.  Over 
this  is  placed  a  cast  iron  matrix  of  the  same  taper  as 
the  shell,  but  smaller,  so  as  to  allow  for  an  intervening 
space,  into  which  the  lining  material  is  tamped.  In  order 
to  maintain  the  proper  space  between  the  shell  and  the 
matrix  during  the  process  of  tamping,  several  wooden 
wedges  should  be  inserted  at  the  top,  at  equal  distances 
along  the  circumference. 

The  lining  material  should  then  be  heated  until  it  is 
plastic  and  pushed  into  place  slowly,  taking  time  to  tamp 
well,  for  upon  the  density  or  hardness  of  the  lining  de¬ 
pends  the  life  of  the  crucible. 

The  special  iron  tool  for  tamping  should  have  a  flat 
end,  and  good  hard  blows  should  be  used. 

Do  not  put  in  the  material  too  rapidly,  and  let  it  be  re¬ 
membered  that  the  better  and  more  uniform  the  tamping, 
the  longer  the  crucible  will  last. 

As  the  mass  nears  the  top,  the  wooden  wedges  may  be 
removed,  for  the  lining  already  in  place  will  hold  the 
matrix  in  position. 

When  completely  filled  and  tamped,  the  matrix  should 
be  removed,  which  should  be  done  with  great  care.  Then 
wind  a  thick  sheet  of  wrapping  paper,  or  several  thick- 


Special 

Lining 

Necessary. 


Crucible 

Shell. 


Preparing 
Shell  for 
Lining. 


Packing 

Lining 

Material. 


Important 
to  Pack 
Hard. 


Wrap  Paper 

Around 

Matrix. 


29 


Bake  in 
Oven. 


Shell  May  Be 
Used  Over  and 
Over  Again. 


Special 

Thimble 

Necessary. 


Fit  Into 
Magnesia 
Stones. 


Thimble  Not 
Allowed  to 
Fuse  to 
Stone. 


RE  LINING  CRUCIBLES 

nesses  of  newspaper,  around  the  matrix,  and  put  it 
back  into  place,  carefully  luting  up  the  top  and  bottom 
with  wet  clay  where  the  lining  may  be  exposed  to  the 
air. 

The  crucible  is  now  ready  to  bake,  and  it  should  be 
gradually  raised  to  a  dull  red  heat,  and  retained  so  for 
six  hours,  after  which  it  may  be  allowed  to  cool  gradu¬ 
ally  before  removing  from  the  oven,  when  the  clay  luting 
may  be  removed,  the  matrix  taken  out  and  the  crucible 
is  ready  for  use. 

If  properly  made  the  crucible  should  withstand  20  to 
25  reactions  before  giving  out,  and  then  the  shell  may  be 
used  for  other  linings. 


Thimbles 

The  portion  that  has  to  withstand  the  most  severe  strain 
of  all  is  the  part  at  the  bottom  of  the  crucible,  or  walls 
of  the  hole  through  which  the  metal  is  tapped.  It  has 
to  stand  the  strain  and  pressure  of  the  weight  of  the 
moving  liquid  metal  and  slag  under  great  heat. 

The  magnesia  stone  which  is  centered  in  the  bottom  of 
the  crucible  and  around  which  the  material  for  lining  is 
packed,  has  a  tapering  hole  in  the  center.  The  thimbles 
are  of  the  same  taper  as  the  hole  in  the  magnesia  stone 
and  are  set  into  the  latter.  When  the  thimble  is  spent 
(either  through  enlargement  of  hole  or  by  splitting)  it 
can  be  knocked  out  and  a  new  one  placed,  so  that  the  full 
life  of  the  crucible  may  be  utilized. 

Insertion  of  Thimble  in  Crucible 

The  thimble  should  be  inserted  into  the  magnesia  stone 
after  wrapping  one  thickness  of  newspaper  around  it. 

This  is  done  so  that  after  the  paper  has  carbonized, 
there  is  but  little  chance  of  the  thimble  fusing  with  the 
magnesia  stone  during  the  discharge,  and  this  makes  it 
easy  to  remove  it  when  it  becomes  necessary  to  make 
renewal. 


30 


PRICES  OF  APPLIANCES 


Prices 

(All  prices  net,  F.  O.  B.  New  York  or  Jersey  City.) 

Shipping 
Weight 
Price  Pounds 

Thermit  (sold  only  in  50  and  100-lb.  drums)  — 

50-lb.  drums  . $12.50  55^2 

100-lb.  drums  .  25.00  109 

Ignition  Powder — 

14-lb.  cans  . 45 

1-lb.  cans  . 90 

Metallic  Manganese,  per  pound . 75 

Ferro-Manganese,  per  pound . 10 

Yellow  Wax,  per  pound . 35 

Fire  Brick  Molds,  per  set .  5.00  150 

Automatic  Crucibles 

No.  1,  for  4  lbs.  Thermit,  with  cap  and  ring.  .$3.50  40 

“  2,  “  7  “  “  “  “  ..  5.50  60 

“  3,  “  16  “  “  “  “  ..  6.50  110 

“  4,  “  24  “  “  “  “  ..  8.00  125 

“  5,  “  45  “  “  “  “  ..11.00  150 

“  6,  “  75  “  “  “  “  ..16.50  225 

“  7,  “  135  “  “  “  “  ..30.00  385 

“  8,  “  200  “  “  u  “  ..35.00  480 

“  9,  260  “  “  “  "  ..43.50  580 

u  10,  400  “  u  u  ..55.00  720 

Tapping  Spade  . 50 

Plugging  Material,  each . 10 

Extra  “Thimbles”  “f,”  each . 10 

(Tapping  Pin,  Asbestos  and  Metal  Washers,  Refractory 
Sand.) 

Note. — For  a  successful  application  of  the  Thermit  Process 
it  is  necessary  to  use  crucibles  lined  with  magnesia 
tar,  which  this  company  supplies  at  cost  price. 
Instructions  for  relining  will  be  found  on  page  29. 


31 


PRICES  OF  APPLIANCES 


Tripods  for  Automatic  Crucibles 


No. 

1 

2-3 

4-5 

6-7 

Price 

$2.10 

$2.50 

$3.00 

$5.50 

Shipping 

Weight 

Pounds 

11 

19 

24 

65 

Flat  Bottom  Crucibles 

(So-called  “Special  Crucibles”) 

Price 

Shipping 

Weight 

Pounds 

No.  2, 

capacity  4  lbs. 

Thermit _ 

.$1.75 

35 

“  3, 

“  8  “ 

“ 

.  3.00 

45 

“  4, 

“  16  “ 

(i 

.  4.75 

65 

“  5, 

“  40  “ 

“ 

.  7.00 

85 

Cost  of  Relining  Crucible  Shells 

No. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

Price 

$0.75 

$1.25 

$2.50 

$4.00 

Tongs 

(For  Flat  Bottom  Crucibles) 

No. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

Price 

$2.00 

$2.50 

$3.25 

$4.50 

Shipping 

Weight 

6'/2 

17'/2 

25 

30  % 

Pounds 


Thermit  Powder  must  be  well  mixed  before  using 
and  must  be  kept  dry. 

Crucibles  must  be  kept  in  a  dry  place. 


32 


I 


